I. Conceptual Framework
Compendium of Philippine Environment Statistics (CPES)
The compendium covers a core set of environment statistics which is grouped into six components namely: 1) environmental conditions and quality; 2) environmental resources and their use; 3) residuals; 4) extreme events and disasters; 5) human settlements and environmental health; and 6) environment protection, management, and engagement.
As described in the Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES), the Basic Set of Environment Statistics has been set up following a progression of three tiers based on the level of relevance, availability, and methodological development of the statistics. Tier 1 is the core set of environment statistics that serve as an agreed and limited set of environment statistics that are of high priority and relevance to most countries. Tier 2 includes environment statistics which are of priority and relevance to most countries but require a greater investment of time, resources, or methodological development. It is recommended that countries consider producing them in the medium term. Tier 3 includes environment statistics which are either of lower priority or require significant methodological development. It is recommended that countries consider producing them in the long term.
Component 2: Environmental Resources and Their Use
Environmental resources and their use is a compilation of statistics on environmental resources, defined by the System of Environmental- Economic Accounting (SEEA) 2012 Central Framework as “the naturally living and nonliving components of the Earth, together constituting the biophysical environment, which may provide benefits to humanity”. This component has six subcomponents: mineral resources, energy resources, land, soil resources, biological resources, and water resources. Statistics under this component focus on measuring the availability, consumption, and use of environmental resources.
Subcomponent 2.1: Mineral Resources
Mineral resources are the elements or compounds composed of a concentration of naturally occurring solid, liquid, or gaseous materials in or on the earth’s crust (FDES, 2013). Minerals may be metallic or non-metallic in nature. Moreover, these resources are non-renewable and do not regenerate in any human timescale. There are two topics under this subcomponent: 1) stocks and changes of mineral resources and 2) production and trade of minerals. The statistics on stocks and changes are required to assist in the sustainable management of these resources. Meanwhile, the statistics on the amounts of extraction and the imports and exports are important to measure the pressure on mineral resources.
Subcomponent 2.2: Energy Resources
Energy can be produced through non-renewable and renewable sources. Similar to mineral resources, non-renewable energy resources such as coal and petroleum cannot be renewed in any human timescale. Once extracted and used, the resource is considered depleted. Meanwhile, renewable energy is captured from sources that replenish themselves. These include solar, hydropower, geothermal, and biomass. There are two topics under this subcomponent. The first topic is stocks and changes in stocks of non-renewable energy resources which can provide insights on the sustainable management of these resources. The second topic is on the production, trade, and consumption of energy which highlights the production from non-renewable and renewable sources as well as the energy consumers.
Subcomponent 2.3: Land
Land is a unique environmental resource that delineates the space in which economic activities and environmental processes take place and within which environmental resources and economic assets are located (FDES, 2013). There are two topics under this subcomponent: 1) land use and 2) use of forest land. Statistics on land use cover both land in use and land not in use. Not all forest land is used primarily to produce wood, thus, statistics on forest land should be broken down according to its primary designated function. The primary designated functions of forests are production, protection of soil and water, conservation of biodiversity, social services, multiple use, and other (FDES, 2013).
Subcomponent 2.4: Soil Resources
Soil resources comprise the top layers (horizons) of soil that form a biological system (FDES, 2013). The changing volume of soil must be measured to assess the extent of soil erosion, the impact of natural disasters, and soil depletion due to economic activities. Although conceptually included in FDES, the development of the necessary statistics for soil resources is subject to further research.
Subcomponent 2.5: Biological Resources
Biological resources are renewable resources capable of regeneration through natural (non-managed or managed) processes. These resources include timber, aquatic resources, a range of other animal and plant resources (such as livestock, orchards, crops and wild animals), fungi, and bacteria. Biological resources may be non-cultivated or cultivated. Statistics on this component support formation of programs that aim to promote sustained economic growth, ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns, sustainable use of oceans, seas and marine resources, and lastly, protect and restore terrestrial ecosystems.
There are five topics under this subcomponent. The first topic is timber resources, defined by the volume of trees, living and dead, which can still be used for timber or fuel. Second is aquatic resources. This includes fish, crustaceans, mollusks, shellfish, aquatic mammals and other aquatic organisms that are considered to live within the boundaries of the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of a country throughout their life cycles, including both coastal and inland fisheries. Next, crops refer to plants or agricultural produce grown for food or other economic purposes, such as clothes or livestock fodder. Then, livestock which covers animal species raised by humans for commercial purposes, consumption, or labour. Lastly, other non-cultivated biological resources refer to a range of naturally occurring biological resources that provide inputs to the economy and form an important part of biodiversity.
Subcomponent 2.6: Water Resources
Water resources is comprised of freshwater and brackish water. Policymakers need statistics on water resources, their abstraction, use, and returns for many reasons, including to estimate the amount of available water resources; monitor abstraction from key water bodies to prevent overutilization; ensure equitable usage of abstracted water; and track the volume of water returned to the environment. Statistics on this subcomponent are essential in the compilation of the water asset and flow accounts. There are two topics under this subcomponent; namely 1) water resources and 2) abstraction, use and returns of water. The former is measured in terms of flows to and out of the inland water resources during a period of time. The latter measures the flows of water between the environment and the human subsystem and within the human subsystem.
II. Data Sources
The data on mineral, energy, land and soil, biological, and water resources of component 2 were obtained from the following:
| Data Item | Source |
| Mineral Resources | |
| Metallic Minerals Resource and Reserve Inventory of the Philippines | Mines and Geosciences Bureau, Department of Environment and Natural Resources (MGB, DENR) |
| Non-Metallic Minerals Resource and Reserve Inventory of the Philippines | |
| Mineral Production | |
| Mineral Accounts of the Philippines | Environment and Natural Resources Accounts Division, Philippine Statistics Authority (ENRAD, PSA) |
| Energy Resources | |
| Energy Balance Tables | Department of Energy (DOE) |
| Energy Accounts of the Philippines | ENRAD, PSA |
| Land | |
| Area Under Irrigation | National Irrigation Administration (NIA) |
| Area Reforested | Forest Management Bureau (FMB), DENR |
| Biological Resources | |
| Roundwood Forest Production | FMB, DENR |
| Production of Processed Wood | |
| Production of Non-Timber Forest Products | FMB, DENR |
| Imports and Exports of Fish and Fishery Products | Trade Statistics Division, PSA |
| Imports and Exports of Crops Products | |
| Imports and Exports of Livestock Products | Trade Statistics Division, PSA |
| Imports and Exports of Minerals Products | |
| Imports and Exports of Forest Products | |
| Volume of Production (Commercial, Inland Municipal, Marine Municipal, and Aquaculture) | Fisheries Statistics Division, PSA |
| Area Planted and Area Harvested: Palay, Corn, and Other Crops | Crops Statistics Division, PSA |
| Volume of Production: Palay, Corn, and Other Crops | |
| Estimated Inorganic Fertilizer Use of Palay and Corn | |
| Annual Production of Organic Soil Amendments | Department of Agriculture (DA) |
| Total Area of Land Under Organic Farming | |
| Livestock and Poultry Inventory | Livestock and Poultry Statistics Division, PSA |
| Animals Slaughtered in Slaughter Houses | |
| Chickens Dressed in Dressing Plants | |
| Number of CITES Imports, Exports, and Re-Export Permits Issued | Biodiversity Management Bureau (BMB), DENR |
| Water Resources | |
| Number of Water Permits Issued and Volume of Water Allocated | National Water Resources Board (NWRB) |
| Water Accounts of the Philippines | ENRAD, PSA |
III. Compilation Methodology
Following the structure and statistics listed in FDES 2013, data available within the national statistical system were identified and requested from data source agencies, gathered from statistical publications, or collected from official websites. The collected data are checked for consistency and formatted into statistical tables.
IV. Definition of Terms
Aquaculture - Farming of aquatic organisms, including fish, mollusks, crustaceans and aquatic plants. Farming implies some form of intervention in the rearing process to enhance production, such as regular stocking, feeding, protection from predators, etc. (FDES Glossary, 2013).
Aquatic resources - Comprise fish, crustaceans, mollusks, shellfish, aquatic mammals and other aquatic organisms that are considered to live within the boundaries of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of a country throughout their life cycles, including both coastal and inland fisheries. Migrating and straddling fish stocks are considered to belong to a given country during the period when those stocks inhabit its EEZ (FDES Glossary, 2013).
Biological resources - Renewable resources that are capable of regeneration through natural (non-managed or managed) processes. Biological resources include timber, aquatic resources, a range of other animal and plant resources (such as livestock, orchards, crops, and wild animals), fungi, and bacteria (FDES Glossary, 2013).
Crops - Plants or agricultural produce grown for food or other economic purposes, such as clothes or livestock fodder (FDES Glossary, 2013).
Cultivated biological resources - Cover animal resources yielding repeat products and tree, crop and plant resources yielding repeat products whose natural growth and regeneration are under the direct control, responsibility and management of an institutional unit (FDES Glossary, 2013).
Environmental resources (assets) - Naturally occurring living and non-living components of the Earth, together constituting the biophysical environment, which may provide benefits to humanity. Environmental resources include natural resources (such as sub-soil resources (mineral and energy), soil resources, biological resources and water resources) and land. They may be naturally renewable (e.g., fish, timber or water) or non-renewable (e.g., minerals) (FDES Glossary, 2013).
Forest - Land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of more than 10 per cent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ. It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use (FDES Glossary, 2013).
Land - Provides space for natural ecosystems, human habitats and human activities. As this space is finite, the expansion of human activities can reduce the space occupied by natural ecosystems, thus reducing ecosystems’ capacity to yield ecosystem goods and services for all living beings. From the resource perspective, land is a unique environmental resource that delineates the space in which economic activities and environmental processes take place and within which environmental resources and economic assets are located (FDES Glossary, 2013).
Land cover - The observed (bio) physical cover on the earth’s surface (FDES Glossary, 2013).
Land use - Reflects both the activities undertaken and the institutional arrangements put in place for a given area for the purposes of economic production, or the maintenance and restoration of environmental functions. Land being “used” means the existence of some kind of human activity or management. Consequently, there are areas of land that are “not in use” by human activities (FDES Glossary, 2013).
Livestock - Animal species that are raised by humans for commercial purposes, consumption or labour (ISIC Rev. 4, Section A, Division 01) (FDES Glossary, 2013).
Natural biological resources - Consist of animals, birds, fish and plants that yield both once only and repeat products for which natural growth and/or regeneration is not under the direct control, responsibility and management of institutional units (FDES Glossary, 2013).
Other non-cultivated biological resources - These resources may include wild berries, fungi, bacteria, fruits, sap and other plant resources that are harvested (ISIC Rev. 4, Section A, class 0230), as well as wild animals that are trapped or killed for production, consumption and trade (ISIC Rev. 4, Section A, class 0170) (FDES Glossary, 2013).
Renewable energy - Captured from sources that replenish themselves. It includes solar (photovoltaic and thermal), hydroelectric, geothermal, tidal action, wave action, marine (non-tidal currents, temperature differences and salinity gradients), wind and biomass energy, all of which are naturally replenished, although their flow may be limited (FDES Glossary, 2013).
Soil resources - Comprise the top layers (horizons) of soil that form a biological system (FDES Glossary, 2013).
Stocks of non-renewable energy resources - Amount of known deposits of mineral energy resources (FDES Glossary, 2013).
Stocks of mineral resources - Amount of known deposits of non- metallic and metallic mineral resources (FDES Glossary, 2013).
Timber resources - Defined by the volume of trees, living and dead, which can still be used for timber or fuel (FDES Glossary, 2013).
Water abstraction - Amount of water that is removed from any source, either permanently or temporarily, in a given period of time. Water is abstracted from surface water and groundwater resources by economic activities and households. Water can be abstracted for own use or for distribution to other users (FDES Glossary, 2013).
Water resources - Consist of freshwater and brackish water, regardless of their quality, in inland water bodies, including surface water, groundwater, and soil water (FDES Glossary, 2013).
V. Dissemination of Results and Revision
The Compendium of Philippine Environment Statistics is published biennially with three (3) components released and posted on the PSA website every year. The web release materials include press release, statistical tables, infographics, and social cards.
List of Statistical Tables
| Table 2.1.1 | Metallic Minerals Resource and Reserve Inventory of the Philippines, as of 2020 |
| Table 2.1.2 | Non-Metallic Minerals Resource and Reserve Inventory of the Philippines, as of 2020 |
| Table 2.2 | Mineral Production by Mineral, 2012 to 2021 |
| Table 2.3 | Physical Asset Accounts for Mineral Resources, 2013 to 2021 |
| Table 2.4 | Imports of Minerals, 2012 to 2021 |
| Table 2.5 | Exports of Minerals, 2012 to 2021 |
| Table 2.6 | Physical Asset Accounts for Energy Resources, 2012 to 2020 |
| Table 2.7 | Energy Balance Table, 2012 to 2020 |
| Table 2.8 | Area Under Irrigation, 2012 to 2020 |
| Table 2.9 | Area Reforested by Sector, 2012 to 2020 |
| Table 2.10 | Log Production by Region, 2012 to 2020 |
| Table 2.11.1 | Roundwood Forest Production by Product, 2012 to 2020 |
| Table 2.11.2 | Production of Non-Timber Forest Products by Product, 2012 to 2020 |
| Table 2.12 | Production of Processed Wood by Product, 2012 to 2020 |
| Table 2.13 | Imports of Forest Products, 2012 to 2021 |
| Table 2.14 | Exports of Forest Products, 2012 to 2021 |
| Table 2.15.1 | Commercial Fisheries Volume of Production by Species and by Geolocation, 2012 to 2021 |
| Table 2.15.2 | Inland Municipal Fisheries Volume of Production by Species and by Geolocation, 2012 to 2021 |
| Table 2.15.3 | Marine Municipal Fisheries Volume of Production by Species and by Geolocation, 2012 to 2021 |
| Table 2.16.1 | Aquaculture Brackishwater Fish Pond Volume of Production by Species and Geolocation, 2012 to 2021 |
| Table 2.16.2 | Aquaculture Brackishwater Fish Pen Volume of Production by Species and by Geolocation, 2012 to 2021 |
| Table 2.16.3 | Aquaculture Brackishwater Fish Cage Volume of Production by Species and by Geolocation, 2012 to 2021 |
| Table 2.16.4 | Aquaculture Freshwater Fish Pond Volume of Production by Species and Geolocation, 2012 to 2021 |
| Table 2.16.5 | Aquaculture Freshwater Fish Pen Volume of Production by Species and Geolocation, 2012 to 2021 |
| Table 2.16.6 | Aquaculture Freshwater Fish Cage Volume of Production by Species and Geolocation, 2012 to 2021 |
| Table 2.16.7 | Aquaculture Marine Pen Volume of Production by Species and Geolocation, 2012 to 2021 |
| Table 2.16.8 | Aquaculture Marine Cage Volume of Production by Species and Geolocation, 2012 to 2021 |
| Table 2.16.9 | Aquaculture Oyster, Mussel, Seaweed Volume of Production by Species and Geolocation, 2012 to 2021 |
| Table 2.16.10 | Aquaculture, Rice Fish Volume of Production by Species and by Geolocation, 2012 to 2021 |
| Table 2.16.11 | Aquaculture in Small Farm Reservoir Volume of Production by Species and Geolocation, 2012 to 2021 |
| Table 2.17 | Imports of Fish and Fishery Products, 2012 to 2021 |
| Table 2.18 | Exports of Fish and Fishery Products, 2012 to 2021 |
| Table 2.19 | Other Crops Area Planted_Harvested, 2012 to 2021 |
| Table 2.20 | Palay and Corn Area Harvested, 2012 to 2021 |
| Table 2.21.1 | Palay and Corn Volume of Production, 2012 to 2021 |
| Table 2.21.2 | Other Crops Volume of Production, 2012 to 2021 |
| Table 2.22.1 | Annual Production of Organic Soil Amendments (OSA), 2012 to 2021 |
| Table 2.22.2 | Total Area of Land Under Organic Farming, 2012 to 2021 |
| Table 2.23.1 | Palay Estimated Inorganic Fertilizer Use, 2012 to 2020 |
| Table 2.23.2 | Corn Estimated Inorganic Fertilizer Use, 2012 to 2020 |
| Table 2.24 | Imports of Crops, 2012 to 2021 |
| Table 2.25 | Exports of Crops, 2012 to 2021 |
| Table 2.26.1-2.26.4 | Livestock Inventory by Animal Type, Farm Type, and Geolocation, 2012 to 2021 |
| Table 2.26.5 | Poultry Inventory by Animal Type, Farm Type, and Geolocation, 2012 to 2021 |
| Table 2.27.1 | Animals Slaughtered in Slaughter Houses by Animal Type and Geolocation, 2012 to 2021 |
| Table 2.27.2 | Chickens Dressed in Dressing Plants by Geolocation, 2012 to 2021 |
| Table 2.28 | Imports of Livestock, 2012 to 2021 |
| Table 2.29 | Exports of Livestock, 2012 to 2021 |
| Table 2.30.1 | Number of CITES Export Permits Issued, 2012 to 2021 |
| Table 2.30.2 | Number of CITES Import Trade Permits Issued, 2012 to 2021 |
| Table 2.30.3 | Number of CITES Re-Export Trade Permits Issued, 2012 to 2021 |
| Table 2.31 | Physical Flow Accounts of Water, 2012 to 2020 |
| Table 2.32 | Number of Water Permits Issued and Volume of Water Allocated by Water Use, 2012 to 2021 |
VI. Citation
Philippine Statistics Authority. (29 September 2022). Technical Notes on Compendium of Philippine Environment Statistics 2012 – 2021 Component 2: Environmental Resources and their Use
https://psa.gov.ph/content/compendium-philippine-environment-statistics-component-2
VII. Contact Information
Ms. Virginia M. Bathan
Chief Statistical Specialist
Environment and Natural Resources Accounts Division
(632) 8376-2041
enrad.staff@psa.gov.ph
enrad.staff@gmail.com
For data request, you may contact:
Knowledge Management and Communications Division
(632) 8462-6600 locals 839, 833, and 834
info@psa.gov.ph
